%0 Journal Article %K poultry %K free-range %K mobile stall %K nematode infections %K mortality rate %B Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift %C Hannover %D 2014 %G English %I Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG %P 314-321 %R 10.2376/0005-9366-127-314 %T Establishment of gastro-intestinal helminth infections in free-range chickens: a longitudinal on farm study %V 127 %1 {"oldId":80217,"title":"Establishment of gastro-intestinal helminth infections in free-range chickens: a longitudinal on farm study","topline":"","teaserText":"Die Etablierung von Magen-Darm-Helmintheninfektionen bei Freilandh\u00fchnern: eine Verlaufstudie in einem Praxisbetrieb","content":"

Summary<\/span>
The objective of this study was to monitor establishment and development of gastro-intestinal helminth infections in chickens over two production years (PY) on a free-range farm in Lower Saxony, Germany. The data were collected between July 2010 and June 2011 (PY1) and July 2011 and January 2013 (PY2), respectively. During PY1, Lohmann Brown classic (LB classic, N = 450) was tested, while in PY2 two different genotypes (230 LB classic, 230 LB plus) were used. The hens were kept in two mobile stalls that were moved to a new position at regular intervals. In both PY1 and PY2, 20 individual faecal samples per stall were randomly collected at monthly intervals in order to calculate the number of internal parasite eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). At the end of the laying periods, approximately 10% (N = 42) or more than 50% (N = 265) of hens were subjected to post-mortem parasitological examinations in PY1 and PY2, respectively. No parasite eggs were found in the faecal samples during PY1, whereas almost all of the hens (97.6%) were infected with Heterakis gallinarum <\/span>(36 worms\/hen) at the end of the period. In PY2, nematode eggs in faeces were found from the third month onwards at a low level, increasing considerably towards the final three months. There was no significant difference between the two genotypes of brown hens neither for EPG (P = 0.456) or for overall prevalence (P = 0.177). Mortality rate ranged from 18.3 to 27.4% but did not differ significantly between genotypes or production years. Average worm burden was 207 worms\/hen in PY2. The most prevalent species were H. gallinarum <\/span>(98.5%) followed by Ascaridia galli <\/span>(96.2%) and Capillaria<\/span> spp. (86.1%). Furthermore, three Capillaria <\/span>species, C. obsignata<\/span>, C. bursata <\/span>and C. caudinflata <\/span>were differentiated. In conclusion chickens kept on free-range farms are exposed to high risks of nematode infections and have high mortality rates with no obvious link to parasite infections. Once the farm environment is contaminated with the nematode eggs, establishment and further spread of nematodes to the hens is a matter of time. This will latest be the case in the second production period, even if the hens are kept in a rotation system and in small herd sizes. This underlines the importance of nematode infections in all free-range systems. <\/p>

Keywords<\/span>
poultry, free-range, mobile stall, nematode infections, mortality rate <\/p>

Zusammenfassung<\/span>
Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Etablierung und Entwicklung von Magen-Darm- Wurminfektionen bei H\u00fchnern \u00fcber zwei Produktionsjahre (PJ) in einem Freilandbetrieb in Niedersachsen, Deutschland, zu untersuchen. Die Tiere wurden in zwei mobilen St\u00e4llen gehalten, deren Standorte in regelm\u00e4\u00dfigen Abst\u00e4nden gewechselt wurden. Im PJ1 wurden Lohmann Brown classic (LB classic, N = 450) und im PJ2 zwei Genotypen (230 LB classic, 230 LB plus) verwendet. Die Tiere wurden in zwei mobilen St\u00e4llen gehalten, deren Standort alle zwei bis drei Wochen gewechselt wurde, wobei die gleiche Fl\u00e4che maximal zweimal pro Jahr genutzt wurde. Im PJ1 und PJ2 wurden 20 individuelle Kotproben pro Stall zuf\u00e4llig in monatlichen Abst\u00e4nden gesammelt, um die Anzahl der Parasiteneier pro Gramm Kot (EPG) zu berechnen. Am Ende der beiden Legeperioden wurden 10 % der Hennen (N = 42) aus PJ1 und alle \u00fcberlebenden H\u00fchner aus PJ2 (N = 265) einer parasitologischen Post-mortem-Untersuchung unterzogen. Im PJ1 wurden keine Parasiteneier in den Kotproben gefunden, wohingegen fast alle H\u00fchner (97,6 %) am Ende der Legeperiode mit Heterakis gallinarum <\/span>infiziert waren (36 W\u00fcrmer\/Huhn). Im PJ2 wurden ab dem dritten Monat Nematodeneier in niedriger Konzentration im Kot gefunden. Die Konzentration stieg in den letzten drei Monaten der Legeperiode stark an. Es gab keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den beiden Genotypen, weder im Merkmal EPG (P = 0,456) noch f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4valenz (P = 0,177) im PJ2. Die Mortalit\u00e4t lag zwischen 18,3 und 27,4 % und war weder signifikant unterschiedlich zwischen den Genotypen noch zwischen den beiden Produktionsjahren. Die durchschnittliche Wurmbelastung betrug 207 W\u00fcrmer\/Huhn im PJ2. Die h\u00e4ufigsten aufgetretenen Arten waren H. gallinarum <\/span>(98,5 %), gefolgt von Ascaridia galli <\/span>(96,2 %) und Capillaria <\/span>spp. (86,1 %). Es konnten au\u00dferdem drei verschiedene Capillaria<\/span>-Spezies (C. obsignata<\/span>, C. bursata<\/span>, C. caudinflata<\/span>) differenziert werden. Zusammenfassend kann man schlussfolgern, dass Freilandh\u00fchner einem hohen Risiko durch Nematodeninfektion ausgesetzt sind und eine hohe Mortalit\u00e4tsrate aufweisen. Sobald ein Betrieb mit Nematodeneiern kontaminiert ist, ist die Etablierung und Ausbreitung von Nematoden lediglich eine Frage der Zeit. Dies scheint maximal zwei Produktionsperioden zu dauern und tritt selbst in Rotationssystemen und kleinen Best\u00e4nden auf. Dies unterstreicht die Bedeutung von Nematodeninfektionen in Freilandsystemen sowie die Notwendigkeit der Entwicklung von Bek\u00e4mpfungsstrategien. <\/p>

Schl\u00fcsselw\u00f6rter<\/span>
Gefl\u00fcgel, Freilandhaltung, Mobilstall, Nematodeninfektion, Sterberate<\/p>","categories":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","Abostufe BMTW","Fachartikel"],"fromDate":"Jul 10, 2014 8:40:16 AM","oldUrls":["http:\/\/vetline.de\/establishment-of-gastro-intestinal-helminth-infections-in-free-range-chickens-a-longitudinal-on-farm-study\/150\/3130\/80217"],"doiLanguage":"englisch","doiProductFormat":"online","doiPublisher":"Schl\u00fctersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG","doiSerialWorkTitle":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","doiDocumentUri":"http:\/\/www.vetline.de\/establishment-of-gastro-intestinal-helminth-infections-in-free-range-chickens-a-longitudinal-on-farm-study\/150\/3130\/80217\/","doiSource":"Berl M\u00fcnch Tier\u00e4rztl Wochenschr 127, 314\u2013321 (2014)","doiissn":"0005-9366","doiNr":"10.2376\/0005-9366-127-314","doiFirstPage":"314","doiLastPage":"321","doiTransmitted":true,"doiAuthor":"Wongrak K, Da\u015f G, Moors E, Sohnrey B, Gauly M","pdf":{"path":"http:\/\/data\/BMW_2014_07_08_0314.pdf","title":"BMW_2014_07_08_0314.pdf","description":"Establishment of gastro-intestinal helminth infections in free-range chickens: a longitudinal on farm study "},"authors":[{"firstName":"K","middleName":"","lastName":"Wongrak"},{"firstName":"G","middleName":"","lastName":"Da\u015f"},{"firstName":"E","middleName":"","lastName":"Moors"},{"firstName":"B","middleName":"","lastName":"Sohnrey"},{"firstName":"M","middleName":"","lastName":"Gauly"}],"contentOptimised":"

Summary<\/strong>
The objective of this study was to monitor establishment and development of gastro-intestinal helminth infections in chickens over two production years (PY) on a free-range farm in Lower Saxony, Germany. The data were collected between July 2010 and June 2011 (PY1) and July 2011 and January 2013 (PY2), respectively. During PY1, Lohmann Brown classic (LB classic, N = 450) was tested, while in PY2 two different genotypes (230 LB classic, 230 LB plus) were used. The hens were kept in two mobile stalls that were moved to a new position at regular intervals. In both PY1 and PY2, 20 individual faecal samples per stall were randomly collected at monthly intervals in order to calculate the number of internal parasite eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). At the end of the laying periods, approximately 10% (N = 42) or more than 50% (N = 265) of hens were subjected to post-mortem parasitological examinations in PY1 and PY2, respectively. No parasite eggs were found in the faecal samples during PY1, whereas almost all of the hens (97.6%) were infected with Heterakis gallinarum <\/em>(36 worms\/hen) at the end of the period. In PY2, nematode eggs in faeces were found from the third month onwards at a low level, increasing considerably towards the final three months. There was no significant difference between the two genotypes of brown hens neither for EPG (P = 0.456) or for overall prevalence (P = 0.177). Mortality rate ranged from 18.3 to 27.4% but did not differ significantly between genotypes or production years. Average worm burden was 207 worms\/hen in PY2. The most prevalent species were H. gallinarum <\/em>(98.5%) followed by Ascaridia galli <\/em>(96.2%) and Capillaria<\/em> spp. (86.1%). Furthermore, three Capillaria <\/em>species, C. obsignata<\/em>, C. bursata <\/em>and C. caudinflata <\/em>were differentiated. In conclusion chickens kept on free-range farms are exposed to high risks of nematode infections and have high mortality rates with no obvious link to parasite infections. Once the farm environment is contaminated with the nematode eggs, establishment and further spread of nematodes to the hens is a matter of time. This will latest be the case in the second production period, even if the hens are kept in a rotation system and in small herd sizes. This underlines the importance of nematode infections in all free-range systems. <\/p>

Keywords:<\/strong>
poultry, free-range, mobile stall, nematode infections, mortality rate <\/p>

Zusammenfassung<\/strong>
Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Etablierung und Entwicklung von Magen-Darm- Wurminfektionen bei H\u00fchnern \u00fcber zwei Produktionsjahre (PJ) in einem Freilandbetrieb in Niedersachsen, Deutschland, zu untersuchen. Die Tiere wurden in zwei mobilen St\u00e4llen gehalten, deren Standorte in regelm\u00e4\u00dfigen Abst\u00e4nden gewechselt wurden. Im PJ1 wurden Lohmann Brown classic (LB classic, N = 450) und im PJ2 zwei Genotypen (230 LB classic, 230 LB plus) verwendet. Die Tiere wurden in zwei mobilen St\u00e4llen gehalten, deren Standort alle zwei bis drei Wochen gewechselt wurde, wobei die gleiche Fl\u00e4che maximal zweimal pro Jahr genutzt wurde. Im PJ1 und PJ2 wurden 20 individuelle Kotproben pro Stall zuf\u00e4llig in monatlichen Abst\u00e4nden gesammelt, um die Anzahl der Parasiteneier pro Gramm Kot (EPG) zu berechnen. Am Ende der beiden Legeperioden wurden 10 % der Hennen (N = 42) aus PJ1 und alle \u00fcberlebenden H\u00fchner aus PJ2 (N = 265) einer parasitologischen Post-mortem-Untersuchung unterzogen. Im PJ1 wurden keine Parasiteneier in den Kotproben gefunden, wohingegen fast alle H\u00fchner (97,6 %) am Ende der Legeperiode mit Heterakis gallinarum <\/em>infiziert waren (36 W\u00fcrmer\/Huhn). Im PJ2 wurden ab dem dritten Monat Nematodeneier in niedriger Konzentration im Kot gefunden. Die Konzentration stieg in den letzten drei Monaten der Legeperiode stark an. Es gab keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den beiden Genotypen, weder im Merkmal EPG (P = 0,456) noch f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4valenz (P = 0,177) im PJ2. Die Mortalit\u00e4t lag zwischen 18,3 und 27,4 % und war weder signifikant unterschiedlich zwischen den Genotypen noch zwischen den beiden Produktionsjahren. Die durchschnittliche Wurmbelastung betrug 207 W\u00fcrmer\/Huhn im PJ2. Die h\u00e4ufigsten aufgetretenen Arten waren H. gallinarum <\/em>(98,5 %), gefolgt von Ascaridia galli <\/em>(96,2 %) und Capillaria <\/em>spp. (86,1 %). Es konnten au\u00dferdem drei verschiedene Capillaria<\/em>-Spezies (C. obsignata<\/em>, C. bursata<\/em>, C. caudinflata<\/em>) differenziert werden. Zusammenfassend kann man schlussfolgern, dass Freilandh\u00fchner einem hohen Risiko durch Nematodeninfektion ausgesetzt sind und eine hohe Mortalit\u00e4tsrate aufweisen. Sobald ein Betrieb mit Nematodeneiern kontaminiert ist, ist die Etablierung und Ausbreitung von Nematoden lediglich eine Frage der Zeit. Dies scheint maximal zwei Produktionsperioden zu dauern und tritt selbst in Rotationssystemen und kleinen Best\u00e4nden auf. Dies unterstreicht die Bedeutung von Nematodeninfektionen in Freilandsystemen sowie die Notwendigkeit der Entwicklung von Bek\u00e4mpfungsstrategien. <\/p>

Schl\u00fcsselw\u00f6rter:<\/strong>
Gefl\u00fcgel, Freilandhaltung, Mobilstall, Nematodeninfektion, Sterberate<\/p>","primaryLanguage":"englisch","summary":"The objective of this study was to monitor establishment and development of gastro-intestinal helminth infections in chickens over two production years (PY) on a free-range farm in Lower Saxony, Germany. The data were collected between July 2010 and June 2011 (PY1) and July 2011 and January 2013 (PY2), respectively. During PY1, Lohmann Brown classic (LB classic, N = 450) was tested, while in PY2 two different genotypes (230 LB classic, 230 LB plus) were used. The hens were kept in two mobile stalls that were moved to a new position at regular intervals. In both PY1 and PY2, 20 individual faecal samples per stall were randomly collected at monthly intervals in order to calculate the number of internal parasite eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). At the end of the laying periods, approximately 10% (N = 42) or more than 50% (N = 265) of hens were subjected to post-mortem parasitological examinations in PY1 and PY2, respectively. No parasite eggs were found in the faecal samples during PY1, whereas almost all of the hens (97.6%) were infected with Heterakis gallinarum <\/em>(36 worms\/hen) at the end of the period. In PY2, nematode eggs in faeces were found from the third month onwards at a low level, increasing considerably towards the final three months. There was no significant difference between the two genotypes of brown hens neither for EPG (P = 0.456) or for overall prevalence (P = 0.177). Mortality rate ranged from 18.3 to 27.4% but did not differ significantly between genotypes or production years. Average worm burden was 207 worms\/hen in PY2. The most prevalent species were H. gallinarum <\/em>(98.5%) followed by Ascaridia galli <\/em>(96.2%) and Capillaria<\/em> spp. (86.1%). Furthermore, three Capillaria <\/em>species, C. obsignata<\/em>, C. bursata <\/em>and C. caudinflata <\/em>were differentiated. In conclusion chickens kept on free-range farms are exposed to high risks of nematode infections and have high mortality rates with no obvious link to parasite infections. Once the farm environment is contaminated with the nematode eggs, establishment and further spread of nematodes to the hens is a matter of time. This will latest be the case in the second production period, even if the hens are kept in a rotation system and in small herd sizes. This underlines the importance of nematode infections in all free-range systems. <\/p>

","keywords":["poultry","free-range","mobile stall","nematode infections","mortality rate"],"zusammenfassung":"Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Etablierung und Entwicklung von Magen-Darm- Wurminfektionen bei H\u00fchnern \u00fcber zwei Produktionsjahre (PJ) in einem Freilandbetrieb in Niedersachsen, Deutschland, zu untersuchen. Die Tiere wurden in zwei mobilen St\u00e4llen gehalten, deren Standorte in regelm\u00e4\u00dfigen Abst\u00e4nden gewechselt wurden. Im PJ1 wurden Lohmann Brown classic (LB classic, N = 450) und im PJ2 zwei Genotypen (230 LB classic, 230 LB plus) verwendet. Die Tiere wurden in zwei mobilen St\u00e4llen gehalten, deren Standort alle zwei bis drei Wochen gewechselt wurde, wobei die gleiche Fl\u00e4che maximal zweimal pro Jahr genutzt wurde. Im PJ1 und PJ2 wurden 20 individuelle Kotproben pro Stall zuf\u00e4llig in monatlichen Abst\u00e4nden gesammelt, um die Anzahl der Parasiteneier pro Gramm Kot (EPG) zu berechnen. Am Ende der beiden Legeperioden wurden 10 % der Hennen (N = 42) aus PJ1 und alle \u00fcberlebenden H\u00fchner aus PJ2 (N = 265) einer parasitologischen Post-mortem-Untersuchung unterzogen. Im PJ1 wurden keine Parasiteneier in den Kotproben gefunden, wohingegen fast alle H\u00fchner (97,6 %) am Ende der Legeperiode mit Heterakis gallinarum <\/em>infiziert waren (36 W\u00fcrmer\/Huhn). Im PJ2 wurden ab dem dritten Monat Nematodeneier in niedriger Konzentration im Kot gefunden. Die Konzentration stieg in den letzten drei Monaten der Legeperiode stark an. Es gab keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den beiden Genotypen, weder im Merkmal EPG (P = 0,456) noch f\u00fcr die Pr\u00e4valenz (P = 0,177) im PJ2. Die Mortalit\u00e4t lag zwischen 18,3 und 27,4 % und war weder signifikant unterschiedlich zwischen den Genotypen noch zwischen den beiden Produktionsjahren. Die durchschnittliche Wurmbelastung betrug 207 W\u00fcrmer\/Huhn im PJ2. Die h\u00e4ufigsten aufgetretenen Arten waren H. gallinarum <\/em>(98,5 %), gefolgt von Ascaridia galli <\/em>(96,2 %) und Capillaria <\/em>spp. (86,1 %). Es konnten au\u00dferdem drei verschiedene Capillaria<\/em>-Spezies (C. obsignata<\/em>, C. bursata<\/em>, C. caudinflata<\/em>) differenziert werden. Zusammenfassend kann man schlussfolgern, dass Freilandh\u00fchner einem hohen Risiko durch Nematodeninfektion ausgesetzt sind und eine hohe Mortalit\u00e4tsrate aufweisen. Sobald ein Betrieb mit Nematodeneiern kontaminiert ist, ist die Etablierung und Ausbreitung von Nematoden lediglich eine Frage der Zeit. Dies scheint maximal zwei Produktionsperioden zu dauern und tritt selbst in Rotationssystemen und kleinen Best\u00e4nden auf. Dies unterstreicht die Bedeutung von Nematodeninfektionen in Freilandsystemen sowie die Notwendigkeit der Entwicklung von Bek\u00e4mpfungsstrategien. <\/p>

","schluesselwoerter":["Gefl\u00fcgel","Freilandhaltung","Mobilstall","Nematodeninfektion"," Sterberate"],"translatedTitle":"Die Etablierung von Magen-Darm-Helmintheninfektionen bei Freilandh\u00fchnern: eine Verlaufstudie in einem Praxisbetrieb","abstractE":"The objective of this study was to monitor establishment and development of gastro-intestinal helminth infections in chickens over two production years (PY) on a free-range farm in Lower Saxony, Germany. The data were collected between July 2010 and June 2011 (PY1) and July 2011 and January 2013 (PY2), respectively. During PY1, Lohmann Brown classic (LB classic, N = 450) was tested, while in PY2 two different genotypes (230 LB classic, 230 LB plus) were used. The hens were kept in two mobile stalls that were moved to a new position at regular intervals. In both PY1 and PY2, 20 individual faecal samples per stall were randomly collected at monthly intervals in order to calculate the number of internal parasite eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). At the end of the laying periods, approximately 10% (N = 42) or more than 50% (N = 265) of hens were subjected to post-mortem parasitological examinations in PY1 and PY2, respectively. No parasite eggs were found in the faecal samples during PY1, whereas almost all of the hens (97.6%) were infected with Heterakis gallinarum (36 worms\/hen) at the end of the period. In PY2, nematode eggs in faeces were found from the third month onwards at a low level, increasing considerably towards the final three months. There was no significant difference between the two genotypes of brown hens neither for EPG (P = 0.456) or for overall prevalence (P = 0.177). Mortality rate ranged from 18.3 to 27.4% but did not differ significantly between genotypes or production years. Average worm burden was 207 worms\/hen in PY2. The most prevalent species were H. gallinarum (98.5%) followed by Ascaridia galli (96.2%) and Capillaria spp. (86.1%). Furthermore, three Capillaria species, C. obsignata, C. bursata and C. caudinflata were differentiated. In conclusion chickens kept on free-range farms are exposed to high risks of nematode infections and have high mortality rates with no obvious link to parasite infections. Once the farm environment is contaminated with the nematode eggs, establishment and further spread of nematodes to the hens is a matter of time. This will latest be the case in the second production period, even if the hens are kept in a rotation system and in small herd sizes. This underlines the importance of nematode infections in all free-range systems. ","date":{"year":2014,"date":"07\/2014","accepted":"2014-07-10"},"volume":"127","openAccess":false,"journal":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","titleImageId":944,"pages":"314-321","redirects":["establishment-of-gastro-intestinal-helminth-infections-in-free-range-chickens-a-longitudinal-on-farm-study\/150\/3130\/80217"],"tierartCategories":[],"artikelartCategories":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","Abostufe BMTW","Fachartikel"]} %8 07/2014